Two indigenous white rot fungi TRAMETES HIRSUTA and TRAMETES gibbosa were screened for decolorization of two azo dyes, congo red and orange G. The screening experiment was run for 11 days with 15, 25, 50, and 75 ppm dye solutions prepared in Malt extract nutrient medium in triplicate (30 ml flasks). Every 72 h samples were read on their respective wavelengths (λmax) to determine the percent decolorization. It was found that both fungi could effectively decolorized both azo dyes at varying incubation times but best results were shown on congo red (97.7%) at a concentration of 50 ppm and orange G (97.8%) at a concentration of 75 ppm after 11 days by TRAMETES gibbosa. TRAMETES HIRSUTA also showed good decolorization potential on congo red (94.6%) in concentration 75 ppm and orange G (94.8%) in concentration 50 ppm.

In this study, Fe3O4/CMC magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized through co-precipitation method. Afterward, laccase from TRAMETES HIRSUTA was immobilized onto Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-coated magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles by covalent bonding between carboxyl groups of carboxymethyl cellulose and amine group of laccases. Also, the resulted magnetic nanoparticles and immobilized laccase were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. Moreover, the vital factors in enzyme immobilization, such as contact time, amount of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), and the amount of nanoparticles were optimized, which successively 48 h, 0. 01 g, and 0. 0125 g were achieved for 0. 01g of N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC). Activity recovery of 51 ± 0. 8% was achieved by optimizing the immobilization process. The results also indicated that the loading of laccase onto carboxymethyl cellulose-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles was approximately 120 (mg/g). Finally, the immobilized laccases on magnetic support could save nearly 50% of their initial activity after five consecutive cycles.

The rate and efficiency of decolorization of dyes like Blue CA, Black B133, and Corazol Violet SR were tested to evaluate white rot fungal strains. TRAMETES hirsute and Pleurotus florida showed the greatest extent of decolorization on nutrient salt media. Maximum decolorization of 200 mg/l of Blue 133 was obtained by 4 days old incubated Pleurotus florida followed by TRAMETES HIRSUTA after 6 days. An attempt was made to improve the decolorization activity of both organisms with different concentrations of glucose 1 and 2% (w/v). The decolorization activity may be due to the laccase enzyme of white rot fungi. The production of this enzyme was estimated using solid state fermentation with rice bran as a substrate. It was found that P. florida exhibited 0.175 U/ml of laccase activity followed 0.126U/ml by T. hirsute, respectively. Decolourization was found to be more effective with P. florida in the presence of 2% (w/v) glucose. Crude extract containing the laccase enzyme was isolated and confirmed by SDS PAGE.

Background: Sarcocystosis is one of the common zoonotic diseases caused by the parasites of genus Sarcocystis. Sarcocystis is a two-host intracellular protozoan of the Phylum Apicomplexa. Three known species of Sarcosystis can infect cattle as intermediate host: Sarcocystis cruzi, Sarcosystis hirsute, and Sarcosystis hominis that dogs, cats, and humans are their final hosts, respectively.Methods: In this study, a sample of traditional hamburger was purchased from a street food seller in Yazd, Iran. DNA was extracted by salting-out method. To identify Sarcocystis and by using specific primers, fragment of genomic DNA(18s rRNA) was amplified and results of electrophoresis showed the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product with about 953 bp in length indicating presence of the Sarcocyst isgenus. To identify the species of the parasite, two enzymes, RsaI and BfaI, were used for cutting the amplified fragment. Results of digestion were analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis.Findings: After digestion with BfaI, the results of gel agarose electrophoresis showed 557 and 397 bp in length bands. Two bands of 577 and 376 bp in length were found after using RsaI that indicated presence of Sarcocystis HIRSUTA.Conclusion: In this report, Sarcocystis HIRSUTA was identified in Iranian traditional hamburger that could be related to close association of dogs and cats in farms that is the main reason that food and water are contaminated with feces of cats. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report of Sarcocystis HIRSUTAinfection in Iranian traditional hamburger.

The paper reports somatic chromosome numbers for two native Iranian species: Frankenia HIRSUTA (2n=10) of Frankeniaceae family, Chenopodium foliusum (2n=18) of Chenopodiaceae family. Their chromosome numbers are reported as the first counts on Iranian populations. Ideograms were depicted for each species.

Although the high infection rate of microscopic sarcocyst occurs in cattle, to the best of our knowledge, there is no report about the identification of macroscopic sarcocyst in Iran. In this work, Sarcosystis HIRSUTA was first isolated from slaughtered cattle. In a 2-year-old slaughtered cattle, morphological examination revealed 3-5 mm in length cysts distributed in different striated muscles, particularly intercostalis and diaphragm. In electron microscopy study, ultramicroscopic structure of primary cyst wall based on the presence of cone-shaped villar protrusions confirmed the occurrence of S. HIRSUTA.

This research was aimed to investigate some ecological characteristics of Frankenia HIRSUTAin saline rangelands of Golestan Province. This region has saline soil with high underground water table, and halophytes usually grow naturally in this area. For this purpose, some factors such as soil characteristics, vegetative cover, phenology, forage quality, preference value and so forth were determined. According to the results, this species is usually distributed on silt-loam soils with an acidity of 7.7 to 7.8 and EC (Electrical Conductivity) ranged between 28.2 to 30.2 dS/m. The autumn regrowth of this species starts in October but, active vegetative growth begins at the middle of February, flowering occurs in June and seed ripening occurs in August. At vegetative growth stage, this species consists of 10.3% crude protein, which is decreased to 8.7% at flowering stage and 7.1% at seed ripening stage. In addition to the main root, this species has also lateral roots. The main root length is usually short around 5 cm but the lateral root length is about 50 cm, moving horizontally at first and then penetrates deeply. Overall, in saline rangelands of Golestan Province, this species has been distributed as patches in low lands and the places with suitable moisture and relatively less salinity. In order to protection and sustainable utilization of this species, it is suggested that the seeds of this plant be sown every few years in the prone areas. In addition, the time of enter and exit of livestock have to be chosen carefully.

2AT-hook motif nuclear localization (AHL) proteins play a critical role in plant biological processes, and it is highly conserved in terrestrial plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana this gene family data is available. We used this data to detect and interpret the AHL gene family in the Cardamine HIRSUTA. In Silico analysis was launched and initially 29 AHL genes were detected. Phylogenetic analysis afterward exhibits that AHL in C. HIRSUTA has been grouped into two clades, clade B with 3-5 introns, and clade A intron-free similar to A. thaliana. According to the combination of AT-hook motif(s) and PPC domain, AHL proteins are divided into three subclades (sub-clades-I/-II/-III). Subclades-I are related to Clade-A, while subclades-II and subclades-III are related to Clade-B. The motif analysis exhibits that the three genes including AHL1, AHL10, and AHL11, although had the AT-hook motifs, lacked the PCC domain, and therefore the actual number of AHL family genes decreased to 26. Looking at duplication events in the AHL gene family in C. HIRSUTA, 16 homologous genes were found due to segmental duplication, and no tandem sequences were observed in these genes. In-depth inspection showed that segment genomic duplication events could cause the expansion of these genes. Examining ratios of non-synonymous (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) substitution rates, i.e. Ka/Ks, in 5 pairs of homologous genes showed those with Ka/Ks < 1 were exposed to the adverse selection. These findings reveal a possible evolutionary relationship for the AHL gene family in C. HIRSUTA, providing helpful information for future analysis to investigate their biological functions.

Background and objectives: TRAMETES species have been used for centuries in traditional medicine of Asian countries. Recently, some of the bioactive compound have been isolated and evaluated for therapeutic purposes from these species. The aim of this study was to report the isolation and structure elucidation of major sterols from fruiting bodies of TRAMETES gibbosa. Volatile compounds and antioxidant activities of the different mushroom extracts of mushroom were also examined. Methods: The fruiting bodies of T. gibbosa were extracted with n-hexane, methanol, and hot water, respectively. For isolation of sterols, the n-hexane extract was subjected to column chromatography and fractionated by step gradient of n-hexane: ethyl acetate. The volatile oil was prepared by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. For evaluation of the antioxidant activity, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays were used. Moreover, the phenolic and carbohydrate contents were assessed using spectrophotometry methods. Results: The column chromatography of the n-hexane extract led to the isolation of three sterols. These compounds were identified for the first time in T. gibbosa as follows: ergosta-5, 7, 22-trien-3β,-ol (ergosterol),5, 8-epidioxy-ergosta-6, 22-dien-3-ol,5, 9-epidioxy-8, 14-epoxy-ergosta-6, 22-dien-3-ol. The most abundant volatile compounds were identified as aldehydes (29. 01%), fatty acids (21. 2%) and alcohols (12. 07%). Based on antioxidant results, methanol and hot water extracts showed the highest activities in DPPH (EC50=588. 56±, 36. 37 μ, g/mL) and FRAP (432±, 6. 6 mmol Fe2+/g DW) methods, respectively. Conclusion: TRAMETES gibbosa is a valuable source of mycochemicals such as sterols, carbohydrate and phenolics. Further investigations are required for evaluation of the therapeutic potentials of the isolated compounds.